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The bacteria that chlamydia transmission, the world's most common sexually transmitted disease, seems to be sneakier than once thought, as a new study suggests it frequently exchanges DNA between different strains to form entirely new strains.
Chlaymydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, and though its symptoms are often mild, the sexually transmitted disease can cause infertility in women and a discharge from the penis of an infected man. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STD in the world, including in the U.S. where more than 1.3 million cases were reported in 2010. About 100 million cases of Chlamydia are reported each year across the globe.
Scientists know there are two groups of Chlamydia strains, one that seems to infect the eyes and urinary-genital areas, and another set known to spread through the lymphatic system, which is important to the body's immune system. Currently, an epidemic of the lymphatic types is progressing in Europe and North America, particularly in men who have sex with men, the researchers note online today (March 11) in the journal Nature Genetics.
However, little is known about how these different strains evolve and emerge.
"Scientists recently discovered that if two Chlamydia strains co-infect the same person at the same time, they can swap DNA by a process called recombination," lead researcher Dr. Simon Harris, from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said in a statement.
To find out how widespread this swapping is, Harris and colleagues compared the genome sequences of 53 strains of C. trachomatis, which were isolated from epidemics that occurred between 1959 and 2009; the strains were meant to represent the diversity of Chlamydia seen in clinical settings. Results showed that even when the Chlamydia strains had infected different parts of the body, they could still swap DNA with each other, leading to new strains. [Quiz: Test Your STD Smarts]
Recombination "was originally thought only to affect a few 'hotspots' within the genome," Harris said. "We were very surprised to find recombination is far more widespread than previously thought."
The results have implications for how the STD is diagnosed. Currently, doctors use a test that returns a positive or negative for Chlamydia infections, without any information on the particular strain. That means doctors can't tell, say, if a person who tests positive again after being treated with antibiotics has picked up a second strain of Chlamydia or if their treatment has failed.
While antibiotic-resistant Chlamydia has not been seen in patients, it does occur in the lab. If it did occur in the general population, current tests would not detect it.
"Until now a person treated with antibiotics with a reoccurring infection of C. trachomatis was assumed to have been re-infected," study researcher Dr. Nicholas Thomson, also of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, said in a statement. "The current gaps in our understanding of the population makeup of Chlamydia limit our ability to implement health policies, because we do not fully understand how Chlamydia spreads within our population."
The scientists are now working with hospitals to bring technologies for whole-genome sequencing into clinical settings.
There are not many video game franchises that can be called "sure things", but the "Madden" series is as close as you can get.
Since 1988, the EA's football simulator has attracted players attention and its release is considered as the flagpole event that kicks off the industry's holiday season. And it is always one of the best-selling titles this year.
With the release of Madden NFL 18 hits shelves on Friday, it smakes a shift of sorts for the titles, though. While new iterations usually have small tweaks, this year's entry in the series has one of the biggest additions of the past several years.
In addition to the game's usual pick-up-and-play and multiplayer modes, this year's "Madden" includes a track called "Longshot Mode", which is a narrative single-player game that puts players in NFL rookie shoes when he starts on the long way to becoming a star. That is a story mode in sport game, something that Madden has never done before(and few sports games have tried before Take-Two Interactive Software's "NBA 2K" series did it two years ago).
The publisher hopes that the new game elements will increase the game's immersion factors for the players - although the fans may accept this addition, it is difficult to see how they could be more immersed in the franchise.
"Madden is a machine that keeps rolling on," says P.J. McNealy, founder and CEO of Digital World Research. "There's a dedicated fan base that loves the NFL and 'Madden' is a huge part of it."
In addition to taking a more personal view of football (which encompasses the sacrifices players make early on, the stress of going through the NFL combine to impress scouts and, ultimately, the price of celebrity and the potential downsides it can have for people around you), "Madden NFL 18" also has significantly improved graphics engine and fans will be able to play the upcoming NFL matchups with updated statistics, rosters as well as fresh in-game commentary.
"Madden" is also a family-friendly game, meaning that parents can play with their children, and then swap in "Assassin's Creed Origins" when the children go to bed.
Of course, some football enthusiasts will play "Madden" almost obsessively. The release of the game every year marks a series of super fans who are sick on the day of release. And the NFL players regularly check their in-game player rankings to see if they have enough representatives, although some (especially rookies) tend to overestimate their numbers because EA tweeted in this video leading up to the release of the game.
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NFL Coins officially releases Tuesday, and there are actually multiple approaches to acquire an early increase to one's roster within the incredibly well-known card-based collecting and team-building mode called Ultimate Group.
The most apparent path should be to acquire the G.O.A.T. edition on the game, which fees $20 much more and gives the ability to choose of 1 of 5 legends (Tom Brady, Barry Sanders, Jerry Rice, Ray Lewis, Deion Sanders), an "Elite" player from a pool of 32 representing every team and 12 Squad Packs to open.
Moreover, a promotion by way of Amazon Prime will provide a number of legends and collectibles for free all through the season.
Amazon owns the well-known video game streaming website Twitch, and in connecting a Prime account to a Twitch account, you'll find numerous added benefits, like bonus in-game loot each month to get a variety of games, ad-free viewing as well as a free of charge channel subscription. This is just the second time a significant sports game has been involved in digital giveaways. Earlier this year members received $20 in Virtual Currency for "NBA 2K17."
The promotion for cheap mut 18 coins will supply 25 legend cards more than the course of your season and collectibles, that are applied to improve player ratings. The legends will commence at 83 All round but is often boosted to 90 General by applying 4 collectibles.
Reggie White could be the first card to go out and at a higher rating of 85 - he'll be added for the team virtually straight away following sign-up. The remaining legends will likely be revealed weekly and then delivered to accounts on Saturdays. 5 upgrade collectibles accompany White inside the initially pack, but afterwards there are going to be only 1 per week.
Sports titles are identified for their yearly releases, and sadly, most of them do not consist of a complete overhaul or substantial improvements due to the fairly short improvement period in between every single release. However, Madden NFL 18 is far from just one more yearly release. madden nfl coins is created by EA Tiburon and published by EA Sports. That is the first title considering that Madden NFL 2005 to not release for PS3 and Xbox 360.
Provided only a year between every release, major modifications and improvements are not expected to take place with every single iteration as they will need more time, but Madden NFL 18 is certainly a step-up from its predecessor. The Madden series was previously created using the IGNITE engine, and Madden NFL 18 marks the initial title inside the series to become created working with the Frostbite engine. The switch in engines is noticeable from the get-go, both graphically and physically. Physical get in touch with among players feels much more realistic, along with the wonderful graphics definitely assistance at the same time.
Madden NFL 18 also options a seriously enjoyable story mode, but not without its flaws. The story mode is exactly where the Frostbite engine flourishes, as it allowed EA Tiburon to create a correct cinematic and compelling story with top-notch graphics. Every single character appears far more realistic than the other, plus the a single that sold me was Dan Marino. The former NFL player and Dolphins legend's virtual representation carries an uncanny resemblance to his real-life self, adding a sense of realism and awe for the story mode.
The story mode, titled The Longshot, is actually a five to six hour long mode exactly where players get to play as Devin Wade, a former college football star who stopped playing following his father's tragic death. The story follows Wade after he joins a reality Tv show, named The Longshot unsurprisingly, that pits 4 NFL-wannabes against each other for the possibility to become coached by prime coaches and within the very best facilities. The story was truly compelling and featured a lot of enjoyable moments but not with no its flaws. I was fairly disappointed by the minimal level of actual gameplay inside the story mode as well as the questions featured inside the starting of your campaign. To become honest, I am familiar with American football's rules, several legends as well as a handful of formations and tactics but I'm positive many of the inquiries asked will not be effortless for newcomers or those who never watch football consistently. Thankfully, as the story moves along, I noticed they did not have a key influence on the story for those who get the majority incorrect.
EA Sports' trademark multiplayer mode, Ultimate Group, got its own share of new functions. Players can now combine two Ultimate Team squads, allowing for some seriously diverse and strong line-ups. An additional new feature could be the potential to play a three-on-three football game in MUT Squads, with every single player handling a position inside the team; Head Coach, Offensive Coordinator, Defensive Coordinator. Even though I advise trying this mode out along with your good friends as you may absolutely have much more entertaining that way, but I found it very enjoyable even with strangers if every 1 know what they're carrying out. Experimenting with distinct formations and techniques, making large plays and throwing a 35-yard ball to a touchdown is what this game is all about.
For all those hesitant towards receiving Madden NFL 18, don't be. This year's iteration is not just a different yearly release inside a sports franchise, it's a absolutely new and enhanced experience thanks to the Frostbite engine. The Longshot story mode is enjoyable, after you get past the technical football questions, with memorable characters and legend cameos. Madden NFL 18 releases on August 25th for PS4 and Xbox One. Buy NFL 18 Coins now!
EA Sports launched a new trailer for Madden NFL 18 while displaying new game modes, traits and many devastating tackles. Madden NFL 18 is to release on 25 August. The latest version to the football video game franchise characterizes the target passing and guarding controls. Players can also take the merits of new wider receiver and defensive back mechanics. There appear the new game modes including competitive, arcade and simulation. Having mut 18 coins helps gamer resolve many vital needs fast in the gameplay of Madden NFL 18.
The fifty-nine second trailer stars taking place with an aerial shot of the home stadium, CenturyLink Field of Seattle Seahawks. There is a rough crowd cheering under the lights and fireworks of stadium as the Kam Chancellor of Seahawks begins to run upon the field. Buffalo Bills quarterback Tyrod Taylor and Khalil Mack of Oakland Raiders star are also brought prior to the screen cuts to New England Patriots quarterback, Tom Brady while scanning through the development. Brady goes for a rifle in a touching down pass to Julian Edelman against the defense of Bills. The next play characterizes Dallas Cowboys quarterback Dark Prescott while finishing a pass for a first down to broader receiver Dez Bryant against the Philadelphia Eagles.
Green Bay Packers wide receiver Jordy Nelson and Washington Redskins cornerback Josh Norman notice some one-handed catches prior to the cameras capture Eli Manning while throwing deep to NY Giants star Odell Beckham Jr. Defenders ensure the second half of the clip with Von Miller, Luke Kuechly and J.J. Watt while making plays. Brady comes out as the cover star for this Madden this year. Patriots tight concluding point Rob Gronkowski refined the cover of Madden NFL 17.
Within the one month, Madden 18 is to be released. EA Sports in recent times drop off the newest trailer of Madden 18. This trailer discloses what new in the beloved football video game that is to be striking stores in a later part of summer. In this new trailer of Madden 18, EA Sports displays some new gameplay traits that gamers can hope for the inclusion of target passing and guarding controls and new wide receiver along with the back mechanics of defense. In addition, Madden 18 is to characterize three paths to play including competitive, arcade and simulation. By summing up, the graphics appear a phenomenal one completely. Visiting the nearest online gaming house helps gamers of Madden NFL 18 gain Madden Mobile Coins to uplift the character in the shortest possible time.